Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
The Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is hosted by Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin Benin City, Nigeria, It is a medium for the advancement of all aspects of Agriculture and food production/saftey. It accommodates General agriculture, Agricultural education, Agricultural economics and extension, Animal science, Aquaculture/ Fisheries and aquatic resource management, Crop science, Food science and technology, Forestry and wildlife production and management, Soil science and Biotechnology and other related discipline. We encourage relevant interdisciplinary research and submissions (i.e., research from more than one discipline and of value to Agricultural researchers and mankind). The journal also considers Scientific research that is of exceptional quality from such disciplines as Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, ICT, and the like as they relate to Agriculture. The journal welcome timely, original, high-quality scholarly articles of appropriate length in all areas of the sciences as related to agriculture and food production/safety research, broadly construed. .
Comparative Assessment of Physicochemical Properties under Continuous and Minimally Disturbed Cultivation in Jigawa State, Nigeria
The objectives of this study were to compare the physicochemical properties of soils in relation to their fertility status under continuous and minimally disturbed cultivation plots, with the aim of promoting sustainable land management. A reconnaissance survey was conducted using a handheld GPS to delineate the study area and identify representative sampling locations across different topographic positions in the study area. Sixty (60) composite soil samples were randomly collected from each plot at depths of 0–30 cm and 30–60 cm using a soil auger for laboratory analysis. Results revealed that the soils are mainly sandy clay loam and loamy to sandy loam, bulk density values ranged from 1.58 - 1.66 Mg/cm-3 at the topsoil and from 1.69 - 1.87 Mg/cm-3 at the subsoil. The soils’ reaction was slightly acidic, with mean pH values of 6.40–6.45 and no significant difference (p > 0.05). Organic matter and total nitrogen were significantly higher in minimally disturbed soils (1.78% and 0.19 g kg⁻¹) than in disturbed soils (0.52% and 0.07 g kg⁻¹) (p < 0.05). Cations Exchange Capacity was higher in minimally disturbed soils (10.89 cmol (+) kg⁻¹) compared with disturbed soils (7.69 cmol (+) kg⁻¹). Available phosphorus was slightly greater in disturbed soils (1.98 g kg⁻¹) than in minimally disturbed soils (1.49 g kg⁻¹).
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Effect of Oil Spillage on Fish Farming in Warri North Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria
Fish farming is one of the basic sources of livelihood in Niger Delta region and when compromised by environmental mishaps such as oil spillage could have a far-reaching consequence. Therefore, the study assessed the effect of oil spillage on fish farming in the study area. To achieve the main objective, the specific objectives are to describe the socio-economic characteristics of fish farmers in the study area, estimate and compare the catch of fish and the net income accruable to fish farmers in non-oil spill area and oil spill area. Identify causes and finally coping strategies employed by farmers to mitigate the effect of oil spillage on their fisheries resources. A multi-stage sampling procedure involving both purposive and random sampling techniques were used to select 100 respondents, data were elicited from the respondents using well-structured questionnaire, data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, budgetary techniques and four point-likert scale. The results showed a mean age of 50 years and 56 years of respondents in non-oil spill and oil spill communities respectively while, 82% and 64 % of respondents in both communities were married with respondents from non-oil spill and oil spill communities having an average household size of 7 persons. Pipeline vandalism was the major causes of oil spillage with a mean of 3.96. The revenue generated from fish farming in the non-oil spill communities and oil spill communities were N 900,000 and N 322,750 respectively, the study concluded that oil spillage affected fish farming in the study area.
AI Applications in Aquaculture and Fisheries Production in Nigeria: Potentials and Challenges
The need to increase fish supply for consumption is driving the aquaculture sector to seek for practices that will improve and increase production. In recent time, modern technology such as the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is being considered. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is "the theory and development of computer systems that enables the performance of tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision making, and translation between languages". Application and programming for artificial intelligence (AI) enables the recognition of objects, languages, sounds, and images and decision-making without requiring human oversight. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an all-encompassing tool that is now being used to revolutionizing various fields by allowing individuals to reconsider how we integrate information, analyze data, and apply the ensuing insights for better decision-making. In some of developing countries, aquaculture is now evaluating and implementing AI as a means of increasing fish production through efficient and effective use of resources. This paper reviews the application of AI in enhancing the roles and operation of aquaculture and fisheries in Nigeria. Its emergence has led to significant advancements in automation, data analyses, and decision-making processes. This paper highlights the recent application of AI in developed countries and elaborates on the potential applications of AI in aquaculture and fisheries in Nigeria, most especially in areas like smart feeding systems, water quality management, fish disease control and prevention, market analysis, supply chain optimizations and aquaculture system management. It shows that integrating AI technologies in aquaculture and fisheries offers immense potential for improving production efficiency, reducing environmental impacts, and ensuring sustainable growth in the sector. However, the paper identifies several challenges and difficulties that must be addressed for its successful implementation in Nigeria. These include challenges such as limited data availability, cost and affordability, technical expertise and training, and adoption barriers, among others. The paper concludes by suggesting the way forward, such as comprehensive data collection and integration, adequate collaboration and research work, remote sensing and monitoring, capacity building and awareness, and sound policy framework and regulation.
Nutrient composition of some monkey kola (Cola pachycarpa K. Schum) accessions in South-Eastern Nigeria
Monkey kola (Cola parchycarpa K. Schum) is an underutilized indigenous fruit species in West Africa, valued for its edible fruits of potential nutritional and medicinal benefits. This study was conducted to evaluate the nutrient composition, mineral and vitamin content, phytochemical properties, and genetic variability of 13 accessions collected from collected from various locations across Abia and Imo States in southeastern Nigeria in 2021 and 2022. Standard laboratory procedures were used to determine proximate, mineral, vitamin, and anti-nutritional components using the complete Randomized Design (CRD) with three replicates per accession, while genetic variability parameters such as phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation, heritability, and correlation matrices were analyzed. Results revealed significant genotypic differences (P<0.001) among the accessions for most of the nutrient trait measured. The fruit pulp exhibited high moisture content (82.76–86.99 %) and carbohydrate levels (7.2312.01 %), with relatively moderate amounts of crude protein (1.77–2.88 %) and low fat (0.27–2.61 %). Mineral content varied among accessions, with potassium (82.97–124.43 mg/100 g), calcium (19.67–29.51 mg/100 g), magnesium (13.79–25.26 mg/100 g), and iron (2.17–4.16 mg/100 g) being the most prominent. Vitamin C content ranged from 2.66–21.47 mg/100 g, while carotene and vitamin E ranged from 1.25–4.77 mg/100 g and 1.83–3.85 mg/100 g, respectively. Anti-nutritional factors such as tannins (0.06–0.30 mg/100 g), oxalate (0.03–0.55 mg/100 g), and saponin (0.02–0.04 mg/100 g) were present at low levels. Broad-sense heritability was high for most nutritional traits including, crude protein (100 %), vitamin C (99.94 %), potassium (99.55 %), and calcium (99.43 %), indicating strong genetic control and breeding potential. The study highlights the high nutritional value and significant genetic variability of C. parchycarpa, reinforcing its potential as a candidate for crop improvement and nutritional diversification in sub-Saharan Africa.
Characterization of some Nigerian monkey kola (cola pachycarpa K. Schum,) accessions using pomological and seed traits
This study was conducted in where? to evaluate and characterize selected Nigerian accessions of monkey kola (Cola pachycarpa K. Schum) using pomological, seed, and seedling traits, with the aim of identifying genetically diverse and agronomically superior materials for future breeding and domestication efforts. The experiment employed a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates for fruit and seed traits, and four replicates for seedling growth traits. Substantial genotypic variability was observed among the accessions for all measured traits. Fruit weight ranged from 18.13 ± 2.41 g to 28.55 ± 3.91 g, while seed weight varied between 2.58 ± 0.26 g and 3.86 ± 0.42 g, highlighting the existence of variability exploitable through selection. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were also recorded for fruit length, circumference, pericarp thickness, and seed dimensions). Heritability estimates were high for key traits such as pulp length (95.35 %), seed length (87.85 %), and pulp circumference (84.27 %), suggesting strong genetic control and good prospects for selection. The results highlighted the presence of substantial genetic variation in C. pachycarpa, particularly in traits associated with fruit yield and seed vigor. These findings provided a foundation for selection, breeding, and conservation of superior genotypes, and supported the integration of this species into fruit crop development programs
Multivariate characterization of mutant ginger genotypes using cluster and principal component analyses for yield and trait improvement
Understanding phenotypic diversity is essential for effective ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) improvement. This study evaluated 15 mutant ginger lines at the Cross River Basin Development Authority, Calabar, Nigeria during the 2023 cropping season using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Phenotypic variation was analysed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering. The first four principal components (PCs) explained 93.64% of total variability, with PC1 contributing 72.87%, PC2 13.37%, PC3 6.59%, and PC4 1.14%. Rhizome length showed the highest positive loading on PC1 (0.9912), while establishment count (−0.8189) and plant height (−0.4558) dominated PC2. The genotypes were grouped into four clusters, indicating substantial genetic diversity. Cluster 2 (six genotypes) exhibited higher establishment counts (up to 91%), more rhizome fingers (8–12 per plant), longer rhizomes (15.3–18.6 cm), and higher yields (up to 32.7 t ha⁻¹), making them ideal candidates for yield-focused breeding programmes. Cluster 3 (two genotypes) showed high emergence rates (>90%), taller plants, (up to 102 cm) and broad leaves (5.2–6.1 cm), suggesting potential for improving vegetative vigour. The integration of PCA and clustering provides a robust framework for elite genotype selection and targeted trait improvement, offering a strategic pathway to develop high-yielding and regionally adaptable ginger cultivars.
Zinc biofortification on root yield and quality performance of cassava varieties grown in Umudike, southeast Nigeria
A field study was conducted at Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike (latitude 05° 28´ 51´´ N, longitude 07° 32´ 25´´ E, 120 m.a.s.l), Nigeria in 2021/2022 cropping seasons to evaluate the response of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) varieties to zinc biofortification. The treatments comprised of all combinations of the three cassava varieties (TME 419, TMS 01/1371, TMS 98/0581) and three zinc rates (0, 5 10 kg/ha) in the form of zinc sulphate (ZnSO4•7H2O) which were fitted into a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results indicated that the varieties were similar values for all the varieties except starch percentage, β-carotene content, root zinc content and zinc recovery efficiency (REzn). The application of zinc induced a positive response of root yield across the cassava varieties. Highest fresh root yield, starch percentage, β-carotene content, root zinc content and zinc recovery efficiency (REzn) were obtained at the application of zinc rate of 10 kg and 5 Kg ZnSO4.7H2O/ha. However, there was non significant interaction between variety and Zn application. Root length and weight of marketable roots/plant exhibited positive and significant correlation with root yield of cassava while the regression analysis indicated that the level of contribution of starch yield and weight of marketable roots/plant to fresh root yield was at 28.10 and 3.07 per cent, respectively indicating that yield of the cassava varieties increased positively due to the effect of these variables. The cassava variety (TMS 01/1371) that received 10 kg ZnSO4.7H2Oꞏha-1 gave the highest fresh root yield closely followed by the interaction between these varieties (TMS 98/0581 and TME 419) and 10 kg ZnSO4.7H2Oꞏha-1. The least root yield was recorded under TMS 98/0581 × 0 kg ZnSO4.7H2Oꞏha-1. The highest zinc uptake in roots, root zinc content and zinc recovery efficiency were recorded under the interaction treatment of cassava variety (TMS 01/1371 × 5 kg ZnSO4.7H2Oꞏha-1). Therefore, for increased root yield, TMS 01/1371 × 10 kg ZnSO4.7H2Oꞏha-1 can be adjudged to be a viable option while for improved zinc biofortification in cassava roots, TMS 01/1371 × 5 kg ZnSO4.7H2Oꞏha-1 may be considered for adoption by farmers in the agro-region.
Effect of Thymol oil on the growth performance and survival of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) challenged with Aeromonas hydrophilia
Intensive aquaculture systems are associated with outbreak of diseases that cause economic losses. Over the years, diseases have been managed with antibiotics that are presently linked to environmental contamination and deposition of residual antibiotics in fish and people that consume such fish. Therefore, Thymol oil, a harmless product with antibacterial properties was used in the production of African catfish, to determine the effects on the growth performance, immune response and survival of the fish challenged with infestation of Aeromonas hydrophilia. A 40% protein basal diet was formulated, and Thymol oil (TMO) was added to it at (0, 0.8, 1.1, 1.4 and 1.7%) respectively making diets/treatments 1 to 5. The diets were fed in triplicate to African catfish juveniles to apparent satiation, twice daily for 70 days. Results showed that dietary Thymol oil significantly improved the fish growth performance in relation to fish fed diet without the oilcontrol diet). For instance, the mean weight gain increased consistently from 9.62 g in fish fed the control diet to 22.8g in fish fed diet with 1.70% thymol oil. Contrarily, the dietary thymol oil significantly reduced white blood cells and the carcass cholesterol. The WBC decreased from 8.70 103 mm3 in fish fed the control diet to 4.80 103 mm3 in fish fed diet with 1.70 % thymol oil. Also, the cholesterol decreased consistently from 85 mg/dl in fish fed the control diet to 65 mg/dl in the fish fed diet with 1.70% thymol oil. The biochemical profile of the fish revealed that dietary thymol oil significantly increased the glutathione peroxidase, serum albumin, globulin and serum protein with increasing levels of the oil in the diets. Also, dietary thymol oil improved the survival rate of the fish when challenged with the infestation of Aeromonas hydrophilia. In conclusion, dietary thymol oil improved the growth performance, immunity and survival of African catfish. However, more research is needed to determine the optimum level of the thymol oil for the best growth performance of the fish.
Effect of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) intercropping in the management of melon lady beetle (Epilachna chrysomelina) and pumpkin beetle (Aulacophora spp)
Field trials were conducted in 2023 and 2024 planting cropping seasons to evaluate the potency of different planting configurations in cucumber and maize intercrop on the insect-pests and yield of cucumber in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. The trials involved different intercropping configurations (patterns) in Cucumber and maize intercrop to evaluate their efficacies on the insect pest of cucumber; Melon lady beetle (Epilachna chrysomelina) and Pumpkin beetle (Aulacophora spp). Four varieties of cucumber (Mona Lisa, Murano 2, Nandini 732 and cucumber marketer) and one maize variety (ART -98-SWI) were used in the experiment. The planting configurations used in each of the trials were; 1: 1, 2: 2 and 3:2. The experiment had 13 treatments with sole cucumber cropping as control. The planting of each of the four varieties of cucumber in any of the three planting configurations with maize served as a treatment. The experiment in each year, was laid out in a randomized complete block design and treatments replicated 4 times. The insect pests assessed in the field were; Epilachna chrysomelina and Aulacophora spp. Data were collected from the field on insect population (E. chrysomelina and Aulacophora spp), vine length, number of leaves per plant and fruit yield of cucumber and thereafter were subjected to Analysis of Variance using Genstat 8.0 statistical software. The results indicated that cucumber-maize intercropping configuration at 1: 1 as well as 2:2 had lower population density of insect pests of cucumber than that of 3:2 configuration and cucumber sole-cropping. Similarly, in both experiments, cucumber-maize row intercropping configuration at 1:1 (13.92, 13.6 t/ha) as well as 2: 2 (13.27, 13.46 t/ha) had higher yield than that of 3:2 (11.76, 11.26 t/ha) row configuration. These results suggest that intercropping of Cucumber and maize at 1:1 as well as 2:2 is most effective in the management of insect pests of cucumber. Therefore, planting of cucumber and maize using 1:1 as well as 2:2 cropping pattern could be recommended for better control of insect pests and fruit yield of cucumber.
Performance of growing pigs fed pre-digested maizecobs and molasses (mcmolas) meal as a partial replacement for maize
Availability of good quality feed at affordable price remains the major problem facing livestock producers, including pig rearing. This prompted this study to investigate the performance of growing pigs fed pre-digested MCMOLAS (Maize cobs + Molasses) meal as a partial replacement of maize and the study was carried out in two phases, Phase I involved the preparation of the MCMOLAS meal where 4 parts of milled maize cobs was mixed with 1 part by weight of molasses which was pre-digested with enzyme (Kenzyme) at 0.5g/1kg for 7days, sundried and stored for the feeding trial. Proximate composition of the MCMOLAS concentrate was determined before its introduction into growing pig diets. At phase II, four dietary treatments were formulated with MCMOLAS replacing 0%, 15%, 30% and 45% of maize in growing pig diets. Sixteen (16) growing pigs whose weight were in the range of 8.12kg - 8.62kg were randomly allocated to each dietary treatments replicated four (4) times with one (1) pig/replicate. The feeding trial was carried out at the University of Benin Teaching and Research Farm for the duration of eighty-four (84) days. Performance of the growing pigs were taken in the course of the experiment. Growth performance showed that the feed intake and weight gain by pigs were significantly affected (P<0.05), the lowest average daily feed intake (1.28kg) was recorded among pigs fed 45% MCMOLAS meal. Although, the highest body weight gain was recorded among growing pigs fed 0% MCMOLAS meal, concurrently, the gains were similar to those fed 15% MCMOLAS meal. The Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) showed no significant difference (P>0.05) across the dietary treatments. The eviscerated weight, heart, kidney, lungs, stomach, small intestine showed no significant difference across the whole treatments (P>0.05) as they increased along with increased MCMOLAS level in the diet. The retail cuts of pork all showed no significant difference across all the treatments. It can be concluded that MCMOLAS can be safely used in replacement of maize at 15% inclusion level in the diets of growing pigs without compromising their health, weight gain, growth performance and carcass characteristics.
Post-harvest losses and their economic impact on yam farmers’ income systems in Wukari Local Government Area, Taraba State, Nigeria
This study examined the economic impact of post-harvest losses among yam farmers in Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria. The objectives were to describe the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers, identify factors influencing post harvest losses, and assess their economic effects on farmers’ income. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed through descriptive statistics and multiple regression. Findings revealed that 83.6% of yam farmers were male, 50% were married, and the average age was 40 years. Household sizes ranged from 2 to 7 persons (57.8%), and 92.9% were literate. Farmers had an average of 17 years of experience, with 85.7% cultivating 1–2 hectares of land. The regression analysis showed an R² value of 0.99, indicating that the model explained 99% of the variation in post-harvest losses. Pest attack (p < 0.05), poor transportation (p < 0.01), and sprouting (p < 0.01) significantly contributed to post-harvest losses. Financial loss was the most reported economic impact, affecting 36.8% of respondents, suggesting that post-harvest losses directly reduced farmers' income through spoilage and unsold produce. The study concludes that pest attack, inadequate transportation, and sprouting are key contributors to yam post-harvest losses in the area. It recommends increased engagement with agricultural extension agents to introduce improved post-harvest technologies. Additionally, government and stakeholders should provide credit access, subsidized inputs, and infrastructure development to mitigate losses and improve farmers’ livelihoods.
Replacement of soybean meal in the diets of African catfish fingerlings using Avocado seed meal fortified with DL-Methionine
This study evaluated the effects of the replacement of soybean meal with methionine fortified avocado seed meal on the biochemical, proximate composition and growth performance of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Five diets were formulated to contain 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of avocado seed meal fortified with (0%, 0.20%, 0.40%, 0.80%, 1%) methionine (Met) respectively, in the replacement for soybean meal. African catfish fingerlings (9g-10.5g) were stocked randomly into 15 glass tanks (75cm X 60cm X 60 cm) at 15 fish per tank, and fed the experimental diets to apparent satiation twice daily for 56 days. Results indicated that the fish fed diet of 25% avocado seed meal fortified with 0.02% Met had the best growth performance in weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and specific growth rate (SGR), though not significantly (P>0.05) different from the values obtained from fish fed diet with 100% soybean meal and 50% of avocado meal fortified with 0.40% Met. Blood profile revealed that avocado meal fortified with Met significantly improved the pack cell volume, without significantly affecting red blood cells, white blood cells and haemoglobin concentrations. Carcass proximate composition expressed that dietary avocado and Met significantly improved the fat and total ash composition while the nitrogen free extract was significantly reduced. Carcass minerals showed that feeding fish with diets of avocado meal with Met significantly increased the Mg, Ca, P and Zn depositions in the fish. In summary, the study established that avocado seed meal fortified with 0.4% DL-methionine can effectively replace up to 50% of soybean meal in the diets of African catfish.
Quantile regression analysis of extension program heterogeneous effects on farm income risk management and portfolio optimization
This study employed quantile regression analysis to examine the heterogeneous effects of agricultural extension programs on farm income risk management and portfolio optimization across different income quantiles. Using cross sectional data from 480 smallholder farmers in Northern Ghana collected between January 2023 and December 2023, the research applied quantile regression models at the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles to analyze differential impacts. Results revealed significant heterogeneity in the effects of the extension program, with the highest-income farmers (75th percentile) experiencing a 34.2% reduction in income variance, compared to 18.7% for the lowest quantile. Technical efficiency scores ranged from 0.612 at the 25th percentile to 0.784 at the 75th percentile, indicating substantial efficiency gains in the upper quantiles. Crop diversification index showed progressive improvement across quantiles (0.347, 0.521, and 0.679, respectively), while risk management capacity increased from 2.84 to 4.23 on a 5 point scale. The study confirms that extension programs exhibit diminishing marginal returns in lower-income quantiles but accelerating benefits for higher-income farmers, suggesting the need for targeted intervention strategies. These findings contribute to optimizing extension service delivery through quantile-specific approaches that address heterogeneous farmer characteristics and resource endowments.
Potency of plant hormone (Carica Papaya Seeds) on Growth Performance and Masculinisation of Tilapia ‘Wesafu’
The production of tilapias remains low due to poor growth performance reported by fish farmers. One of the underlying reasons is the early female maturation at a very small size and precocious breeding in ponds, resulting in overpopulation which leads to stunted growth. This research investigated the potency of Carica papaya seed as a natural sex-reversal agent in tilapia production and its effect on growth. A total of 600 fry of Tilapia ‘wesafu’ were used; each weighing averagely, 0.47±0.01g. They were randomly distributed in triplicate into 12 hapas (1m×0.5m). Each hapa containing 50 fry, were placed in four earthen ponds (8m×3m). Fish in Treatment 1 were fed without (0.0g/Kg) powdered Pawpaw seeds which was the control. Fish in Treatments 2, 3 and 4 were fed with Pawpaw seed diet at doses of 15.0, 20.0 and 25.0g/kg feed respectively. The result showed that fish fed at 20.0g/Kg and 25.0g/Kg of C. papaya had the highest final weight gain (20.92±0.29 g) and (21.13±0.29 g) at the end of the experiment respectively. The masculinisation revealed that T. ‘wesafu’ fed 20.0 g/Kg of C. papaya diet (81.67±0.85%) was higher and significantly different (P<0.05) compared to normal diet. Since natural hormones from plant materials (C. Papaya) are biodegradable in nature, it could be used as a viable alternative to synthetic hormones.
Difference-in-differences econometric assessment of mobile extension services on productivity growth and technical change patterns
Despite theoretical assertions that mobile extension services enhance farmer knowledge accessibility, improve decision-making capacity, and facilitate cost-effective outreach, rigorous empirical evidence quantifying actual productivity impacts and technical efficiency gains remains critically limited, particularly within developing agricultural systems. This research utilised a difference-in-differences (DiD) econometric methodology to evaluate the effects of mobile extension services on the growth of agricultural productivity and the patterns of technical change among smallholder farmers. The analysis, which used panel data from 1,248 rice farmers in three agro-ecological zones over four years (2020–2023), shows that mobile extension interventions led to big gains in productivity. The treatment group, which included 624 farmers who used mobile extension services, showed a 23.7% rise in technical efficiency. The control group, on the other hand, only showed an 8.2% rise. The annual rate of technical change for mobile extension services was 0.31, which is much higher than the 0.12 rate for traditional extension systems. The stochastic frontier analysis showed that mobile extension cut down on technical inefficiency by 34% (p<0.01) and raised total factor productivity by 18.6%. Farm-specific efficiency scores went from 0.42 to 0.96. The average efficiency for people who got mobile extension was 0.78, while the average efficiency for people who didn't get it was 0.64. The research substantiates that mobile extension services markedly improved both allocative and technical efficiency, exhibiting more pronounced effects in irrigated systems (β=0.284, p<0.01) compared to rain-fed agriculture (β=0.189, p<0.05). These results indicate that digital agricultural extension may act as a catalyst for sustainable agricultural transformation in developing nations
Comparative Analysis of Spawn mass and Egg Regeneration in Clarias gariepinus and Heterobranchus bidorsalis for some size categories
Understanding reproductive performance in aquaculture species is essential for optimizing hatchery success and improving yield. This study investigates the spawn mass and egg regeneration in Clarias gariepinus and Heterobranchus bidorsalis across four distinct size classes: < 1 kg, 1 kg, 1.5 kg, and 2 kg. Twenty-four healthy female fish (12 C. gariepinus and 12 H. longifilis) broodstocks were used. The fish were fed ad-libitum for initial 7 days before the first data collection and subsequent 90 days using commercial feed. Data obtained were compared between species using t-tests to determine statistical significance. The results shows that fish < 1 kg had no significant differences (p>0.05) in any measured parameters between the two species, suggesting similar reproductive output at smaller sizes. However, in the 1 kg and 1.5 kg categories, C. gariepinus consistently exhibited significantly higher egg weights than H. bidorsalis (p < 0.05), indicating superior spawn mass. This trend was most visible in the 1.5 kg group, where Clarias produced an average egg weight of 206.00 ± 11.53 g compared to 123.00 ± 20.22 g in Heterobranchus. Post-stripping weights also revealed notable differences, with Heterobranchus retaining more body mass after spawning in larger size classes. In fish > 2 kg, C. gariepinus maintained its advantage in egg production, with significantly higher egg weights (p < 0.05), while H. bidorsalis showed greater post-stripping body weight, suggesting a trade-off between reproductive investment and somatic maintenance. In conclusion, C. gariepinus demonstrates greater spawn mass and egg regeneration than H. bidorsalis, particularly in larger size categories, making it a more favourable and effective species for intensive aquaculture breeding programs.
Modulatory effects of ascorbic acid and/or betaine on responses of packed cell volume and some productiontraits of male Japanese quails during dry season.
The experiment investigated the modulatory effects of ascorbic acid and/or betaine on responses of packed cell volume and some productive traits of male Japanese quails during the dry season. A total of 240 (14 day–old) male Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) were purchased. Birds were acclimatized and randomly assigned to 4 groups, each having 60 birds. Each group consisted of 3 replicate (20 birds per replicate). Birds were fed Control (basal); AA, BET and AA + BET diets. Ambient temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH) recorded ranged from 25.0 – 37.0 °C and 48.0 – 92.0%, respectively, and were mostly outside thermoneutral zone for Japanese quails. Production parameters were evaluated as average daily feed intake (AVDFI), average daily water consumption (AVDWC) and liveweight. Packed cell volume (PCV), serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (rGSH) were evaluated at 28, 49 and 70 day–old. Serum MDA, AVDFI and AVDWC were lower (P < 0.05) in birds fed diets enriched with either AA, BET or their combinations when compared with those in control group. However, dietary enrichment with AA ± BET enhances (P < 0.05) PCV and liveweight in male quails in comparism to the control birds. In conclusion, dietary ascorbic acid and betainemodulated packed cell volume and production parameters such as feed and water consumption, as well as, liveweight of male Japanese quails during the dry season
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Utilization of Justicia carnea aqueous leaf extract for growth and carcass yield by finisher broiler chickens
The study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels ( 0 ml, 10 mls, 15 mls and 20 mls ) of Justicia carnea aqueous leaf extract on growth and carcass yield of ninety-six (96) 4-weeks old broiler chickens. The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design pattern using four (4) treatments. The chickens were weighed at the end of the fourth week and randomly allotted to the four treatments levels that were replicated twice to accommodate 12 chickens per replicate. The initial body weight of 842.70 g, 849.70 g, 834.90 and 833.90 g were recorded for treatment 1 (T1), treatment 2 (T2), treatment 3 (T3) and treatment 4 (T4) that received 0ml, 10 mls, 15 mls and 20 mls of the Justicia carnea aqueous leaf extract respectively. Fresh green Justicia carnea leaves were harvested, washed, air - dried under shade and blended to produce a leaf- paste. One part of the leaf- paste was mixed with 2 parts of hot (100°c) water and allowed to stay for six hours to ensure that quite a good quantity of the leaf ingredients were extracted. The mixture was then filtered with Watchman's No1 filter paper to obtained the filtrate ( the aqueous leaf extract) that were stored in closed containers and preserved in refrigerator at 2°c for further use in this experiment. The test extract was then administered thrice weekly from the beginning of week 5 to end of week 8 of the experiment. Feed and water were provided ad libitum all through the period of this experiment. Records of feed intake and body weight changes were taken on daily and weekly basis respectively for the computation of the performance ability of the chickens; while carcass analysis was done at the end of the experiment using two birds carefully selected from each replicate, weighed, slaughtered and the carcass attributes measured. Data collected were subjected to statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of Genstat Statistical Package (12th edition); and significant means were separated using Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) of the same package. Results revealed significant ( p < 0.05 ) differences in the mean values of final body weight/ live weight, dressing percentage, weights of neck, gizzard, and spleen of the broiler chickens; while the rest of the carcass attributes ( carcass weights, weights of carcass cut parts and organs weights ) under investigation did not show significant ( p > 0.05 ) differences in their treatment means. However, birds in the 10 mls level group of the extract consumed less quantity of feed (170.60 g) but yielded higher daily weight gain (55.72 g) resulting in significant ( p < 0.05 ) final body weight (4630 g) over its counterparts, as well as those in the control group. Hence, it could be concluded that Justicia carnea aqueous leaf extract should be incorporated into broiler chickens’ production at a recommended level of 10 mls daily dose regimen.
Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Evaluation of Leaf Protein Concentrates and Bagasse of Scent Leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) Collected in Edo State, Nigeria
In light of the growing demand for plant-based protein substitutes, it is critical to comprehend how processing techniques impact the phytochemical composition of leaf protein concentrates (LPCs) in order to maximize their functional and nutritional advantages. This study evaluated the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical properties of scent leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) meal (SLM), wet-milled scent leaf protein concentrate (Wet-SLPC), dry-milled scent leaf protein concentrate (Dry-SLPC), and scent leaf bagasse (SLB). Qualitative screening revealed the consistent presence of key phytochemicals, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, glycosides, terpenoids, and others, across all samples, regardless of processing. However, anthocyanins and phlobatannins were absent in all treatments. Quantitative analysis showed that SLM contained significantly higher levels (p < 0.05) of most phytochemicals compared to SLPCs and SLB. Notably, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins decreased markedly in the processed fractions, likely due to aqueous extraction and thermal degradation. In contrast, glycosides, phytates, terpenoids, and phenols remained relatively stable. These findings highlight the influence of processing on phytochemical retention, with potential implications for the nutritional, medicinal, and functional food applications of LPCs. Wet- and dry-milled SLPCs retained sufficient levels of beneficial bioactives while exhibiting reduced concentrations of antinutritional factors such as tannins and saponins. This study offers a promising approach to producing protein concentrates with balanced phytochemical profiles, supporting their use as nutritionally enhanced and functionally safe plant-based ingredients in human and animal diets.
The Microstructures of the Ductus deferens in the African fruit bat, Epomops franqueti (TOMES, 1860), from Histological and Immunohistochemistry Perspective
Mammalian ductus deferens has been described as being a mere conduit for the expulsion of spermatozoa through the ejaculatory duct, prostatic urethra and penile urethra. Reports on the ductus deferens in bats were relatively scanty compared to other mammalian species. There exists scarcity of information on the knowledge of the microscopic structural make up in the bat ductus deferens, essential for propulsion of the spermatozoa required for conservation of bat vis-a-vis fertilization. Therefore, the need to investigate the structures of the ductus deferens in bat. Ten adult male Epomops franqueti captured during the peak of the raining season in Ibadan (between June and September) were used for this work. Routine (H&E) and differential immunohistochemistry staining of the ductus deferens were carried out. Cytokeratin AE1 and α-smooth muscle actin were also used. Light microscopy of the paraffin sections revealed that the ductus deferens in E. franqueti had three layers: mucosa, muscular and adventitia layers. The mucosa was lined by numerous pseudostratified columnar cells and few basal cells. The epithelium rested on a basal lamina propria. The epithelium of the ductus deferens was positive to Cytokeratin AE1 but nonreactive to α-smooth muscle actin. The smooth muscle of the ductus deferens was positive to α-smooth muscle actin but nonreactive to Cytokeratin AE1. The structure of the ductus deferens in the E. franqueti suggested its vital role in the survival of the spermatozoa beyond their propulsion in the course of ejaculation during coitus. E. franqueti ductus deferens was typically mammalian.
Stereociliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Influence of agricultural extension services and socioeconomic characteristics on the production of small-scale catfish farmers in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area, Edo State, Nigeria
This study investigated the influence of agricultural extension services on the productivity of small-scale Catfish farmers in Ikpoba-Okha Local Government Area, Edo State, Nigeria. It assessed farmers’ access to extension services and the resulting effects on their output. A two-stage sampling method was used: purposive sampling to select three communities with high numbers of small-scale catfish farmers, followed by snowball sampling to identify individual catfish farmers, resulting in 120 catfish farmers. Data were gathered using structured questionnaires and analyzed with both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results revealed that 65.8% of catfish farmers were male, with an average age of 41 years, and most (78.3%) were married, with 14 years of farming experience. The average annual income was ₦410,009.44. Catfish stocking density increased from 250,719.49 before extension agent contact to 365,199.45 afterward. Major constraints identified included inadequate awareness of catfish production technologies ( = 3.09), poor extension services ( = 4.37), high cost of services ( = 3.59), poor market structure ( = 3.73), and unavailability of services ( = 3.59). Statistical analysis showed that age (t = -5.58) and duration of contact with extension agents (t = -3.22) had a negative, significant relationship with fish output, while farming experience (t = 4.36, p<0.01), number of fingerlings stocked (t = 3.61, p<0.01), and annual income (t = 5.24, p<0.01) had a positive, significant relationship. Extension services overall had a significant positive impact (t = 2.15, p<0.05) on fish production output. The study found that extension services have a strong positive impact on catfish production, highlighting the important role of extension agents in supporting catfish farmers. It recommended reducing the high costs of accessing these services by subsidizing training programs, offering grants for inputs, and promoting community based extension initiatives to share resources and lower catfish farmers’ individual expenses.
Food Preservation Methods among Agbor households of Delta State, Nigeria
This study investigates food preservation methods among households in Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria, with particular emphasis on the factors influencing preservation choices and their implications for food security. The objectives were to identify commonly used food preservation techniques, examine the socio-economic and cultural determinants of method selection, evaluate the effectiveness of these methods in reducing food spoilage, and assess the challenges households face in adopting modern preservation technologies. A mixed-methods research design was employed, integrating quantitative surveys with qualitative interviews across 200 purposively sampled households representing various socio-economic strata. The findings reveal a predominant reliance on traditional preservation methods such as drying (68%), smoking (45%), and salting (31%), though refrigeration (54%) is also notably used where infrastructure permits. Socio-economic status, access to electricity, and cultural preferences significantly influence the choice of preservation methods. Modern techniques, particularly refrigeration, were more effective in reducing spoilage and increasing economic savings, but their adoption is hindered by high costs (65%), unreliable power supply (60%), and limited awareness (40%) of alternatives. The study concludes that while traditional methods remain essential, especially among low-income households, promoting hybrid approaches and supporting access to low-cost, energy-efficient technologies—such as solar-powered refrigeration—could significantly enhance food security in Agbor. Policy recommendations include targeted subsidies, public awareness campaigns, and infrastructural improvements to bridge the socio-economic gaps affecting household-level food preservation and security.
Impact of insecurity and insurgency on the livelihood status of livestock farmers in North Central States, Nigeria
This study assessed the impact of insecurity and insurgency on the livelihood status of livestock farmers in North Central States, Nigeria. The States selected for the study were Benue, Kwara and Niger, including the Federal Capital Territory. The respondents of the study were 3285 livestock farmers which were sampled through multistaged sampling technique. The study’s objectives and hypotheses were respectively analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics (t-test and Chi-test statistics). As revealed by the results, majority (84.80%) of the respondents have not received any form of training on livestock farming, all the farmers farming activities were affected by insecurity and this consequently affected their livelihood status to a very high extent (82.28%) and poverty level which was average (70.99%) and very high (85.08%) before and after incidence of insecurity respectively . Insecurity/insurgency significantly and negatively affected livestock farming activities since average income earned before and after insecurity/insurgency was 224,764 and 76,736 respectively. The farmers were challenged by insurgency, banditry, conflict (mean = 4.00), poor capital base for farmers to be meeting up with group’s activities (mean = 3.64), lack of government assistance (mean = 3.52) among others. These challenges have in no little measure contributed to the fall in income of the farmers. Hypothesis one revealed significant difference existed in income earned by farmers before and after incidence of insecurity/insurgency in North Central States, Nigeria, while the second one revealed that insecurity/insurgency has significantly affected the livelihood status of the livestock farmers. The study recommended that government needs to do her best to curb and forever keep the insurgents under control so that farmers can begin to do better in their production and as well earn better income to cushion the effect of poverty plaguing them
Amino Acid Profile of Leaf Protein Concentrates and Bagasse of Jute Plant (Corchorus olitorius) in Edo State Nigeria
Jute (Corchorus olitorius) is an abundant and underutilized leafy plant traditionally valued for its fiber and culinary uses in West Africa. Its leaves are rich in proteins and bioactive compounds, making them promising candidates for protein recovery. This study aimed to investigate the amino acid composition of jute leaf meal (JLM), jute leaf protein concentrate (JLPC), and jute leaf bagasse (JLB) to identify their potential as a nutritional supplement in human and animal nutrition. The research employed standard acid and alkaline hydrolysis followed by amino acid quantification using an automated amino acid analyzer (Sykam S 433 Amino Acid Analyzer). Results obtained revealed significant differences (p<0.05) in the amino acid profiles of the three sample types. JLPC consistently demonstrated the highest concentrations of both essential and non-essential amino acids, including leucine (4.51 g/100 g), glutamic acid (5.78 g/100 g), and aspartic acid (4.68 g/100 g), reflecting the efficacy of the protein concentration method. In contrast, JLM and JLB exhibited lower amino acid values, with JLB being notably lower, though still containing residual nutrients. The enrichment of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) such as leucine, isoleucine, and valine in JLPC underscores its potential in supporting muscle growth and recovery. Additionally, higher levels of lysine and methionine in JLPC enhance its nutritional value in plant-based diets, often limited in these amino acids. These findings support the nutritional viability of JLPC as a functional food ingredient or animal feed supplement. This study serves as a basis for optimization of processing techniques to improve amino acid retention and evaluate the application products in human and animal nutrition
Effect of different cooking oils on the activity and survival of juvenile Clarias gariepinus during transportation
One of the very affordable means of fish transportation is the use of jerricans with trace quantity of cooking oils added to the transporting medium. These oils are added to ensure survival of fish en-transit. This work seeks to test the effect of different cooking oils on the activity and survival during transportation of juvenile Clarias gariepinus. The experiment was set up as a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) made up of four treatments of oil additions namely; T1 (control; transportation water without oil), T2 (transportation water with palm oil), T3 (transportation water with groundnut oil), T4 (transportation water with sunflower oil), T5 (transportation water with ripe palm fruit). Each treatment was replicated three times. Some water quality parameters were measured while survival and mobility of the fish as well as the cost per litre of the oils were also evaluated. The result shows significant differences (p<0.05) in DO with T5 (0.700mg/l) having the least dissolved oxygen while T1 (2.967mg/l) had the highest dissolved oxygen. T1 (6.484) had the least pH while T5 (6.833) had the highest pH. T3 (4.857) had the least Total Ammonia Nitrogen while T5 (4.857ppm) had the highest Total Ammonia Nitrogen (8ppm). T5 (1.5) had the least mobility indicating moderately active while T1(1.25) had the highest mobility indicating high activity. There was no significant differences (p<0.05) in fish mortality. Soya bean oil (N2800) was the most expensive and significantly different(p<0.05) from the other Treatments. It was concluded that transporting medium containing palm oil holds the best potential based on cost per litre, dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, survival rate, mobility and Total Ammonia Nitrogen.
Exposure time-dependent seed priming of Oryza sativa L. var. Nerica – impact on germinability and germination characteristics
Enhancing rice production efficiency is paramount, given rising global demand and finite agricultural land. This research utilized a factorial experimental design to comprehensively assess how two plant hormones, gibberellic acid (GA3) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), along with multiple priming durations, influence Oryza sativa seed germination and subsequent seedling vigor. Rice seeds were exposed to a range of treatments: soaking in 150 ppm solutions of GA3 and IAA for intervals spanning 30 seconds, 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, or 12 hours respectively. A control group, immersed in distilled water, provided a baseline for comparison. Data encompassing germination rate, seedling vigor, and other key parameters were gathered and rigorously analyzed. The study unequivocally demonstrates that both IAA and GA3 notably improved both germination and seedling vigor when compared to the untreated control. Optimal performance was achieved with specific treatments: IAA priming for three hours resulted in an impressive 85.7% germination and a seedling vigor index of 421.6, while GA3 priming for a mere 30 seconds delivered 80.2% germination and an even higher seedling vigor index of 547.5. These findings powerfully indicate that employing hormone priming, particularly with IAA and GA3, can effectively boost rice germination, thereby presenting a viable strategy to potentially enhance crop yields.
Response of Finisher Broiler Chickens to Justicia carnea Aqueous Leaf Extract on some Haematological and Serum Biochemical Indices
This experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State to evaluate some haematological and serum biochemical indices of (96) 4-weeks old finisher broiler chickens using varied levels of Justicia carnea aqueous leaf extract in a Completely Randomized Designed (CRD) arrangement. At the completion of four week of the broilers’ age, they were randomly assigned to four (4) treatment levels as were adopted in this study with treatment 1 (T1), treatment 2 (T2), treatment 3 (T3) and treatment 4 (T4) receiving 0 mL, 10 mLs, 15 mLs and 20 mLs of the plant extract respectively. Chickens in treatment 1 served as the control without the leaf extract being administered to them. Each treatment was further replicated twice to accommodate twelve (12) broiler chickens each. To prepare the aqueous leaf extract, fresh Justicia carnea leaves were harvested, washed, air - dried under shade and blended into paste. One hundred (100) grams (g) of the leaf- paste was then soaked in two (200) milliliters (mLs) of hot water (100°c) and allowed to stay for six hours to ensure maximum extraction of the leaf ingredients. The mixture was then filtered with the use of Watchman's No1 filter paper to obtained the aqueous leaf extract (the filtrate) which was stored in closed containers and preserved in refrigerator at 2°C for administration to the broiler chickens thrice weekly within the last four weeks of this experiment. Feed and water was provided ad libitum all through the period of this study. At the end of the experiment, six (6) of the broiler chickens per treatment giving a total of twenty- four (24) were randomly selected and used for collection of blood samples from the wing veins for both haematological and serum biochemical studies. The parameters measured for the blood assessment were haemaglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBCs), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Others include neutrophils (NEUT), lymphocytes (LYM), eosinophils (EOS), basophil (BAS) and monocyte (MONO); while biochemical investigation involved total protein (TP), albumen (ALB), globulin (GLOB), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and glucose. Results revealed significant differences (p <0.05) on between the treatment means for Hb, PCV, RBC, WBC for the blood analysis while biochemical study, TP, GLOB, and ALT showed statistical differences (p < 0.05) with all of them having their best values at T3. The rest of the blood and serum parameters considered did not show significant differences (p> 0.05). Hence, Justicia carnea aqeuous leaf extract is recommended for use in broiler production at 15 mLs daily administration
Epomops franqueti: The mammalian bony thorax built for flight
The vertebral column is an important component of the axial skeleton as well as the bony thorax and the appendicular skeleton as they provide support and stability, especially during flight. The bony thorax and vertebral column of avian species have been adequately investigated. However, few works on the osteology of bats relative to their ability to fly have been done. Therefore, to enrich the repertoire of knowledge of how bats osteology enhance and sustain their flight through long distance of several kilometers, the vertebral column and bony thorax of Epomops franqueti was investigated. Ten Epomops franqueti were captured from their roost using mist net. They were anaesthetized using ketamine HCl (Biotechnica Pharma Global (BPG), China) at 25mg/kg body weight intramuscularly on the medial side of the thigh muscle. They were sacrificed, eviscerated, de-fleshed and the bones were prepared using cold water maceration method. The vertebral column in Epomops franqueti presented a cylindrical outlook that was wider at the cervical region but tapers at the lumbar region. The post cranial skeleton in the Epomops franqueti had seven cervical skeletons, twelve-thirteen thoracic vertebrae, three-four lumbar vertebrae, the sacral vertebrae were fused, numbered between two and three. The atlas in the Epomops franqueti was relatively larger than the other cervical vertebrae. The thoracic vertebra lacked mammalian characteristic spinous process. The inconspicuous transverse process was dorso-laterally located on the thoracic body, with a vertical orientation. It possessed a small cranial spine like process that articulated caudally with the preceding vertebra. The rib had two components: The vertebral and sternal ribs. The vertebral rib was oriented caudo-ventrally with the thoracic vertebrae. The head of the rib articulated with the costal facets, cranially and caudally, between two adjacent thoracic vertebrae. The tubercle of the rib articulated with the transverse costal facets, dorso-laterally. The sternal rib had ossified costal cartilage similar to the reports on the avian species. The sternebrae were fused with a bilaterally flattened process that projected ventrally like the keel in the avian species. The lumbar vertebra lacked the characteristic mammalian plate-like transverse process. The lumbar was fused with the sacrum which continued with the small coccygeal bones. Although the atypical mammalian vertebral column did not share tremendous similarities with that of avian vertebral column, the bony thorax in the Epomops franqueti had some similarities with that of the avian species. They vertebral column and bony thorax in the Epomops franqueti provided structural platform for flight muscles, and support and stability during flight.
Information and training needs of farmer’s cooperatives societies on the use of social media for information dissemination in Anambra State, Nigeria. (The case of Awka South Local Government Area)
The study examined the information and training needs of cooperative farmer’s cooperative societies on the use of social media for information dissemination in Anambra state. Specifically, the farmer’s socioeconomic characteristics, their information needs on social media, and their training needs on the use of social media were examined. Multi-stage sampling process was used to select 126 respondents sampled with the use of questionnaire and analyzed using frequency mean percentage, Chi-square and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation. The farmers were more female (54.7%), married (65.1%), and had formal education (77.8%) with a mean age of 44 years. Majority of respondents very often seek information on credit facilities, sources, terms & conditions (mean = 4.62, S.D = 0.11); market trends, price, and stocks available (mean = 4.54, S.D = 0.18); educational & training information (mean = 4.42, S.D = 0.25); seed variety, source and availability (mean = 4.40, S.D = 0.21). Top needed areas of training by the farmers were placing advertisements on Facebook, (81.8%), Twitter (88.1%), Instagram (73.0%), creating groups and sending broadcast messages on WhatsApp, and creating channels on YouTube (86.50%). A significant relationship existed between the farmer’s age (Chi-square = 34.519; p < 0.05), marital status (Chi-square = 1.892; p < 0.05), education (Chi-square = 13.362; p < 0.05), and training needs. Also a significant relationship between training needs and the information needs of the farmers with r = .625, r2 = 0.401452, percentage (%) = 40.1, N = 126, and p-value = .000. It concluded that the farmers need training on the use of the various social media platforms. However, their training needs is influenced by their needs for certain agricultural information needs, their age, marital status and education. Therefore, extension service providers should target cooperative farmers in the study area to build their capacity on the use of social media
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Effect of N-Power agro programme on participants agricultural activities in South-West, Nigeria
In Nigeria, over 60 per cent of the total population is the youth, two-thirds of which live in rural areas and are poorer, and more often lack access to employment, skills, financial services and technology than adults. As the youth seek what they believe to be profitable and business-focussed careers, it is quite unfortunate that they are increasingly turning away from agriculture. This study examined the effect of N-power Agro Programme (NAP) on the agricultural activities of the participants in South-West Nigeria. Three States were purposively selected: Ogun, Ondo and Oyo States in order to give room for geographical spread. A total of 175 respondents were used for the study. Data from the study were analysed using Descriptive statistics. The results show that in the crop production category, the hectrage of land used for maize cultivation increased by 1.96Ha, cassava cultivation also increased by 1.8Ha while land used for rice cultivation decreased by 3.00Ha after NAP. In the poultry production category, number of birds raised increased by 536 after NAP and in the Aquaculture(Clarias) category, fish stocking capacity increased by 1600.